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1.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 35(2): 586-597, mar./apr. 2019. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1048612

ABSTRACT

Water salinity is among the most important factors influencing the distribution, abundance, growth, and survival of Crassostrea gasar, an important aquaculture resource grown in estuarine environments in diverse regions of the world. The goal of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different salinities on survival and the tissues ofC. gasar under laboratory conditions. Two experiments were performed using adult oysters from five marine farms located in the bay of Guaratuba, Brazil. In Experiment 1, the daily survival rates were evaluated after the oysters were submitted to gradual acclimatization at salinities ranging from 0 to 65 gL-1 and maintained in the laboratory without feeding for up to 365 days. In Experiment 2, the oysters were exposed to salinity from 0 to 50 gL-1 for up to 30 days without feeding and possible histological alterations caused by salinity were assessed. Three tolerance ranges of C. gasar to salinity were identified: "Optimal" (between 4 and 40 gL-1), "Tolerable" (between 2.1 and 3.9 and between 41 and 50 gL-1) and "Intolerable" (less than 2 and greater than 50 gL-1). No evidence of histological alterations was observed in oysters exposed to the different salinities.


A salinidade da água está entre os fatores de maior influência na distribuição, abundância, crescimento e sobrevivência de Crassostrea gasar, um importante recurso aquícola cultivado em ambientes estuarinos em diversas regiões do mundo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da salinidade sobre a sobrevivência e nos tecidos de C. gasar exposta a diferentes salinidades, em condições laboratoriais. Foram realizados dois experimentos com ostras adultas provenientes de cinco fazendas marinhas localizadas na baía de Guaratuba, Brasil. No experimento 1, que foi realizado com o propósito de avaliar as taxas diárias de sobrevivência, as ostras foram submetidas à aclimatação gradual a salinidades variando de 0 a 65 gL-1 e mantidas em laboratório, sem alimentação, por até 365 dias. No experimento 2, as ostras foram expostas a salinidades de 0 a 50 gL-1 por até 30 dias, sem alimentação, para avaliação de possíveis alterações histológicas provocadas pela salinidade. Foram identificadas três faixas de tolerância de C. gasar à salinidade: Ótima (entre 4 e 40 gL-1), Tolerável (entre 2,1 e 3,9 e entre 41 e 50 gL-1) e Intolerável (menor que 2 e maior que 50 gL-1). Não foram encontradas evidências de alterações histológicas em função da exposição das ostras às diferentes salinidades.


Subject(s)
Ostreidae , Estuaries , Crassostrea , Salinity , Histology
2.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 16(2): [e170073], jun. 2018. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-948417

ABSTRACT

Ontogenetic development of the tetra Astyanax lacustris was studied under laboratory conditions. Larvae obtained by induced reproduction were maintained individually in tissue-culture plates, at 25°C. Daily observations and morphometric measurements were performed. Larvae hatched with a total length (TL) of 3.02 ± 0.34 mm (average ± standard deviation) without pigmentation and 0.06 ± 0.02 mm³ of yolk reserves. The yolk-sac larval period lasted 26 h post-hatching (hph). During this period, eye pigmentation started, the digestive tract emerged, the anus opened, and the animals began to show steady movements. Inflation of the swimming bladder initiates the preflexion stage, which extended until 230 hph. During this stage, the transition from endogenous to exogenous feeding was observed, with the yolk reserve being completely absorbed after 74 hph (TL: 4.17 ± 0.36 mm). Up to 86 hph it was possible to observe the first food ingested within the digestive tract. This period was followed by the flexion stage, with the folding of the notochord tip and development of the caudal fin (11-13 days post-hatching). Finally, during the last larval developmental stage (postflexion), the segmentation of the fin rays was completed, and the emergence of scales was observed (TL: 5.97 ± 0.65 mm). The larval ontogenetic development of A. lacustris was completed after 22 post-hatching days (dph).(AU)


O desenvolvimento ontogenético do lambari Astyanax lacustris (Pisces, Characidae) foi estudado em condições ambientais controladas. Larvas obtidas através de reprodução induzida, foram mantidas individualmente em placas de cultivo celular, a 25°C. Diariamente foram realizadas observações e medições morfométricas. As larvas eclodiram com 3,02 ± 0,34 mm (média ± desvio padrão) de comprimento total (CT); sem pigmentação e com 0,06 ± 0,02 mm³ de reserva vitelínica. O período larval vitelino estendeu-se durante as primeiras 26 horas pós-eclosão (hpe) e durante este período teve início o processo de pigmentação dos olhos, o surgimento do tubo digestório, abertura anal e os animais passaram a apresentar movimentação constante. Com o inflamento da bexiga natatória tem início o estágio de pré-flexão, que se estendeu por até 230 hpe. Durante este estágio, foi observada a transição entre a alimentação endógena e a exógena, sendo a reserva vitelínica totalmente absorvida após 74 hpe (com os animais atingindo 4,17 ± 0,36 mm de CT) e em até 86 hpe foi possível observar a primeira alimentação no trato digestório. Após esse período, teve início o estágio de flexão da parte final da notocorda e da estruturação da nadadeira caudal (11 e 13 dias após a eclosão). Por fim, no último estágio de desenvolvimento larval (pós-flexão), foi observada a segmentação completa dos raios das nadadeiras e o início do aparecimento das escamas (CT: 5,97 ± 0,65 mm). O desenvolvimento ontogenético larval de A. lacustris foi concluído após 22 dias pós-eclosão (dpe).(AU)


Subject(s)
Animals , Characiformes/growth & development , Characiformes/genetics , Notochord
3.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 89(2): 1041-1045, Apr.-June 2017. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-886687

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is among the most devastating invasive species in freshwater habitats worldwide, leading to severe environmental disturbances and economic losses. Therefore, management efforts would be greatly improved by methods that efficiently detect and quantify the abundance of the golden mussel in freshwater habitats, particularly in early stages of colonization. In this study, we describe a highly-sensitive real-time PCR assay targeting a 100-bp region of the COI mitochondrial gene of the golden mussel. The method was able to detect as little as 0.225 pg of target DNA. This assay represents an important contribution to surveillance methods, as well as to optimize field measures to contain and manage populations of the golden mussel in its introduced range.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mytilidae/genetics , Introduced Species , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods , Reference Values , DNA/isolation & purification , Reproducibility of Results , Sensitivity and Specificity , Genes, Mitochondrial
4.
Pesqui. vet. bras ; 32(4): 284-288, Apr. 2012. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-626459

ABSTRACT

One of the most limiting factors affecting the larval rearing of Ucides cordatus in the laboratory is a period of high mortality, which usually occurs late in the course of the larviculture during the metamorphosis from the zoeal to the megalopal phase. The objective of the present research was to analyze the post-embryonic development of U. cordatus on an individual basis and, in particular, to search for patterns linking disturbances in the molting process to the high larval death rates observed in massive larvicultures. A total of 50 larvae were individually reared from hatching to metamorphosis into the megalopal phase under controlled conditions, fed a combination of microalgae and rotifers. The survivorship rate was 70% until zoea V. The 35 surviving zoea V larvae followed two different pathways. Eleven underwent metamorphosis directly to megalopa, eighteen molted to zoea VI and six died as zoea V. In the last molting event, only two zoea VI larvae reached the megalopal stage, while the remaining sixteen died. In further observation under microscope, 13 of the dead zoea VI showed characteristics of the pre-molt stage and pereiopods disproportionably large in relation to the carapace. The observed pattern resembles the Molt Death Syndrome (MDS) described for other decapod species, in which larvae die in the late pre-molt phase of the molting cycle. We suggest that U. cordatus larvae develop disturbances in the molting process similar to the MDS described for other species and that these disturbances are related to a more complex pathway involving the emergence of larval stage zoea VI.


Um dos fatores mais limitantes que afetam o cultivo larval de Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) em laboratório é um período de alta mortalidade, o qual usualmente ocorre no fim do curso da larvicultura durante a metamorfose da fase de zoea para a de megalopa. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi analisar o desenvolvimento pósembrionário de U. cordatus em uma base individual e, em particular, procurar por padrões ligando distúrbios no processo de muda com as altas taxas de mortalidade observadas nas larviculturas massivas. Um total de 50 larvas foram cultivadas individualmente da eclosão até a fase de megalopa em condições controladas, alimentadas com uma combinação de microalgas e rotíferos. A taxa de sobrevivência foi de 70% até zoea V. As 35 larvas zoea V sobreviventes seguiram dois diferentes caminhos. Onze realizaram a metamorfose diretamente para megalopa, dezoito mudaram para zoea VI e seis morreram como zoea V. No último evento de muda, apenas duas larvas zoea VI atingiram a fase de megalopa, enquanto as dezesseis restantes morreram. Em investigação posterior sob microscópio, 13 das zoea VI mortas mostravam características de estágio de prémuda e pereiópodes desproporcionalmente grandes em relação à carapaça. O padrão observado lembra a Síndrome da Morte na Muda (MDS) descrita para outras espécies de decápodes, na qual larvas morrem no fim da fase de prémuda do ciclo de mudas. Nós sugerimos que larvas de U. cordatus desenvolvem distúrbios no processo de muda similares à MDS descrita para outras espécies e que esses distúrbios são relacionados a um caminho mais complexo que envolve a ocorrência do estágio larval zoea VI.


Subject(s)
Animals , Brachyura/growth & development , Mortality/statistics & numerical data , Life Cycle Stages/physiology , Microalgae , Rotifera , Animal Feed
5.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 34(1): 85-90, Jan.-Mar. 2012. ilus, tab, mapas
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-868041

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have uncovered considerable variability in foliar morphology and anatomy for Miconia sellowiana in different types of vegetation (Grassland, Montane Atlantic forest, Upper Montane Atlantic forest and Araucaria Pine forest). Although such variability could be due to phenotypic plasticity, an alternative explanation for this phenomenon is the existence of genetic differentiation among populations resulting from genetic drift or adaptation to different environments. The goal of the present study was to investigate the extent of genetic structures among populations of Miconia sellowiana using a neutral dominant genetic marker (RAPD - Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA). There was considerable variability in the studied samples, resulting in 96.5% polymorphic loci and a Gst = 0.13. The analysis of molecular variance showed the populations are genetically structured (p < 0.001). The subpopulations of M. sellowiana were grouped similarly together using genetic (based on a neutral marker) or morphological dendrograms, suggesting that the morphological differences observed are the result of local genetic differentiation by genetic drift and not the alleged phenotypic plasticity of the species.


Estudos prévios relatam a variabilidade na morfologia e anatomia de Miconia sellowiana em diferentes formações vegetacionais (Estepe Gramínio-Lenhosa, Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana, Floresta Ombrófila Densa Alto-Montana e Floresta Ombrófila Mista). Apesar dessa variabilidade poder ser devido à plasticidade fenotípica, uma explicação alternativa para o mesmo fenômeno é a existência de diferenciação genética entre as populações, resultado de deriva genética ou adaptação aos diferentes ambientes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a existência de estruturação genética entre as populações de M. sellowiana, utilizando um marcador genético dominante e neutro (RAPD - "Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA"). Foi encontrado um grau considerável de variabilidade nas amostras estudadas, sendo que 96,5% dos locos foram polimórficos e o valor de Gst foi de 0,13. O número estimado de migrantes por geração foi de 3,19, o que consiste com a existência de um fluxo gênico reduzido entre os locais estudados. Esse resultado foi confirmado pela análise de variância molecular (p < 0,001). As subpopulações de M. sellowiana ficaram igualmente agrupadas nos dendrogramas dos dados genéticos (baseado no marcador molecular neutro) e morfológicos, sugerindo que as diferenças morfológicas encontradas são resultado da diferenciação genética local e não por plasticidade fenotípica da espécie.


Subject(s)
Plant Physiological Phenomena , Anatomy
6.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 34(1): 85-90, Jan.-Mar. 2012.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS-Express | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460696

ABSTRACT

Micona sellowiana in different types of vegetation (Grassland, Montane Atlantic forest, Upper Montane Atlantic forest and Araucaria Pine forest). Although such variability could be due to phenotypic plasticity, an alternative explanation for this phenomenon is the existence of genetic differentiation among populations resulting from genetic drift or adaptation to different environments. The goal of the present study was to investigate the extent of genetic structures among populations of Miconia sellowiana using a neutral dominant genetic marker (RAPD - Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA). There was considerable variability in the studied samples, resulting in 96.5% polymorphic loci and a Gst = 0.13. The analysis of molecular variance showed the populations are genetically structured (p 0.001). The subpopulations of M. sellowiana were grouped similarly together using genetic (based on a neutral marker) or morphological dendrograms, suggesting that the morphological differences observed are the result of local genetic differentiation by genetic drift and not the alleged phenotypic plasticity of the species

7.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 52(1): 135-144, Jan.-Feb. 2009. graf, tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-511687

ABSTRACT

The golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei, Mollusca: Bivalvia) is an invasive species that has been causing considerable environmental and economic problems in South America. In the present study, filtration rates of L. fortunei were determined in the laboratory under different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 28, and 30 ºC) and two types of food (Algamac-2000® and the chlorophycean alga Scenedesmus sp.). There was a statistically significant relationship between time and filtration rates in the experiment using Scenedesmus sp., regardless of temperature. However, this pattern was absent in the experiment using Algamac, suggesting that the relationship between filtration rates and temperature might depend on the size of the filtered particles. In addition, there was no correlation between filtration rates and either shell size or condition index (the relationship between the weight and the length of a mussel). The filtration rate measured in the present study (724.94 ml/h) was one of the highest rates recorded among invasive bivalves to date. Given that the colonies of the golden mussel could reach hundreds of thousands of individuals per square meter, such filtration levels could severely impact the freshwater environments in its introduced range.

8.
Hig. aliment ; 23(168/169): 106-110, jan.-fev. 2009. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-549324

ABSTRACT

A ocorrência de toxinfecções alimentares em virtude do consumo de ostras contaminadas representa risco à saúde pública. Este estudo foi elaborado com o objetivo de avaliar os níveis temporais e espaciais de contaminação por coliformes totais (CT), coliformes termotolerantes (CTM), Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e Salmonella sp. na carne de ostras coletadas em bancos naturais. Durante o período de dezembro de 2005 a abril de 2006, foram analisados quatro pontos amostrais na Baía de Guaratuba, Paraná, perfazendo um total de 12 coletas por ponto. Constatou-se que a contaminação por CT e CTM nos bancos naturais de ostras teve relação direta com o aumento da população flutuante do litoral paranaense durante o verão, quando há um aumento na descarga de esgoto doméstico no estuário. Entre os pontos analisados, a maior contaminação registrada foi próxima da área urbana de Guaratuba, na Marina do Sol. Por outro lado, constatou-se que, no período de uma semana, as ostras passaram por um rápido processo de depuração natural, com redução significativa dos níveis de coliforme.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Coliforms , Food Contamination , Food Microbiology , Food Samples , Ostreidae/microbiology , Shellfish , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification , Brazil
9.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 51(5): 957-962, Sept.-Oct. 2008. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-495824

ABSTRACT

The goal of the present study was to determine the most appropriate time to release the immatures of Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus) produced in the laboratory into the natural environments. Specifically, the time when the megalopae sought the mangrove sediment to excavate the burrows was determined, as well as the time necessary for their metamorphosis into the first juvenile stage. Results indicated that the megalopae of U. cordatus reared in the laboratory took three to ten days (median = 6) after their molt to excavated burrows in the sediment. The average time for the megalopae to molt into juveniles was 12.6 days (SD = 2.3).


O estágio de desenvolvimento em que se encontram as formas jovens de caranguejo produzidas em laboratório, no momento da sua liberação para o ambiente, é um fator chave para o sucesso dos trabalhos de repovoamento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a idade mais adequada das formas jovens de U. cordatus, produzidas em laboratório, para sua liberação no ambiente natural. Especificamente, o momento em que as megalopas procuram o sedimento de mangue para escavar tocas foi determinado, assim como o tempo que demoram até realizarem a metamorfose para o primeiro estágio juvenil. O experimento indicou que as megalopas de U. cordatus produzidas em laboratório levam de 3 a 10 dias (mediana = 6) após a metamorfose até escavarem tocas no sedimento. O tempo médio que as megalopas levaram até realizar a metamorfose para o primeiro estágio juvenil foi de 12,6 dias (desvio padrão = 2,33).

10.
Braz. arch. biol. technol ; 51(3): 607-612, May-June 2008. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-487755

ABSTRACT

The larval density of the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) was monitored from January 2005 to February 2006 at two points along the Paraná and the Iguaçu Rivers, near Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil. The results indicated two density peaks in the Paraná River: a lower peak between March and June and a higher peak in October. In the Iguaçu River, the values were much lower, yet they also showed a peak between September and October. A reduction in the reproductive activity was observed in both the rivers between July and August. The average larval density at the collection point in the Paraná reached 948.5 larvae/m³, with a peak of 2,999.5 larvae/m³ in October. The present study represented the first quantification of the larval density of L. fortunei in the lower reaches of the Iguaçu River, downstream of the Iguaçu falls.


A densidade larval do molusco invasor Limnoperna fortunei (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) foi monitorada entre janeiro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006 em dois pontos dos rios Paraná e Iguaçu, na região de Foz do Iguaçu, PR. Os resultados registraram dois picos de densidade no rio Paraná: entre março e junho e um maior em outubro. No rio Iguaçu, os valores foram muito inferiores, mas também com um pico entre setembro-outubro. Em ambos os rios foi verificada uma pausa reprodutiva entre os meses de julho-agosto. A densidade média de larvas de L. fortunei no ponto amostrado no rio Paraná chegou a 948.5 larvas/m³, com pico de 2.999,5 larvas/m³ em outubro. O presente estudo representa a primeira quantificação da densidade larval de L. fortunei no rio Iguaçu, a jusante das Cataratas do Iguaçu.

11.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 100(2): 161-167, Apr. 2005. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-410854

ABSTRACT

Although lethargic crab disease (LCD) is causing massive mortalities in populations of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus of Northeastern Brazil, the identity of its etiological agent was hitherto unknown. In this study we provide robust evidence suggesting that LCD is caused by an anamorph Ascomycota (Fungi). We examined specimens of U. cordatus collected from stocks affected by LCD. Histological and TEM methods detected the presence of hyphae, conidia, and condiophores in several host tissues. Moreover, the abundance of fungal stages is negatively associated with crab health. Finally, DNA was isolated from the fungus and a region of its 18S ribosomal gene was sequenced. Phylogenetic analyses not only confirm the diagnosis of the LCD fungus in crab tissues as an ascomycete, but also suggest a close relationship with members of the subphylum Pezizomycotina.


Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Ascomycota/isolation & purification , Brachyura/microbiology , Mycoses/veterinary , Ascomycota/genetics , Ascomycota/ultrastructure , Brazil , DNA, Fungal/genetics , Mycoses/microbiology , Phylogeny , /genetics
12.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 64(4): 383-9, dez. 1992. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-113467

ABSTRACT

Larval shrimp Penaeus paulensis showed a tendency to decrease in ammonia tolerance as the larva metamorphosed from nauplius to postlarvae stage. The 24-h LC50 were 4.04, 1.70, 2.72, and 1.42mg/l NH3-N on nauplii, zoea, mysis and postlarvae, respectively. The zoea stage and the initial postlarvae substages were very susceptible to ammonia. The 96-h LC50 values on zoea and postlarvae were 0.69 mg/l and 0.32 mg/l, against 0.80 mg/l NH3-N on mysis. The eggs of Penaeus paulensis were affected by ammnia, which provoked a progressive decrease in the hatching rate and induced morphological deformities in hatched nauplii. A "safe level" of ammonia was estimated at 0.032 mg/l NH3-N on the basis of 24-h LC50 for eggs


Subject(s)
Animals , Ammonia/toxicity , Decapoda , Brazil , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Larva , Time Factors
13.
An. acad. bras. ciênc ; 64(4): 391-5, dez. 1992. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-113468

ABSTRACT

The acute toxicity of total ammonia-N, (NH3 + NH4+), and un-ionized ammonia-N, NH3-N, on newly hatched Artemia mauplii and Artemia adults was measured in 24, 48, 72, and 96-h semistatic bioassayssystem. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in medial lethal concentrations (LC50) obtained during the tests. The LC50 values on nauplii ranged from 650 mg/l, in 24-h, to 399,1 mg/l total ammonia-N, in 96-h, while the LC50 values on adults ranged from 1290.4 mg/l to 600.5 mg/l total ammonia-N, in the same period. Two methods for calculations of un-ionized ammonia toxicity are analyzed and discussed


Subject(s)
Animals , Ammonia/toxicity , Artemia , Philippines , Time Factors
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